Meaning of Strategy in Human Resource Management

HRM is a strategic issue, needs the attention of general managers who have the power. The integration with strategy is central to all models of HRM, virtually all authors are agreed that this is the distinctive feature of HRM, compared with personnel .Guest (1987) for example argues for integration. This means that human resource planning must become an integral component of the strategic planning process and must cohere with marketing, production and finance strategies. Successful companies should actively seek the full utilization of employee’s assets (abilities and behaviour) which could only be released by and realized through autonomy or self management, empowering employees to make decisions for them. In this way they would become more committed to the enterprise, its goals values and strategies as well as to each and to their immediate bosses. Further more, this was not going to happen unless it had the support of strategic managers and their active involvement .In this sense HRM, unlike personnel management, is a strategic issue.
Originally business strategy was seen more as an market related, set of decisions designed to position the firm in an advantageous way compared with its competitors. More recently business strategy researchers and theorists turned their attention to the internal attributes of successful firms looking at the growth, renewal and utilization of resources (most of which were human). In generic meaning HRM is defined in a commonsensical way. The focus of management decisions and behaviours used consciously or unconsciously, to control, influence and motivate those who provide work for the organization i.e. the human resource. Strategy is about winning, the underlying assumption of strategic Human Resource Management is managing people in such a way as to help the firm gain a competitive advantage over its competitors, or at the minimum to ensure that HRM as practiced is not a source of competitive disadvantage, pulling the firm down.
The use of the word strategy is now so spread that it has lost most of its original or useful meaning. The founding father of HRM, such as Beer and his colleagues, proclaimed HRM as strategic because it was important, deserved the attention of general managers at senior level. Some key attributes of strategies:
Strategy is either a plan or pattern of action.
Action is in sequences-strategy can be emerging pattern of actions (Mintzberg1979).
Strategy is about co-coordinating or orchestrating resources in a unique way based around what the organization are good at-internal competences, but also coping with what is poor at shortcomings. Coordination presupposes collaboration between functions, departments, or individuals. Strategy is about future action based on forecasts, guesses and anticipated change both in the environment and about what the competitors will do, or have done.
Above attributes show strategy is quite uncontroversial but it is a subject to numerous disputes about focus and process, rationality and behavior and about breath and depth. To integrate and synthesize- Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and lample suggest strategy can be: A plan or something equivalent - a direction, a guide or course of action.
1. A Pattern that is consistency in behavior over time.
2. A position, namely the locating of particular products in particular markets.
3. A perspective, namely an organization's fundamental way of doing things.
4. A poly; a specific "maneuver" intended to outwit an opponent or competitor.

TRAVEL AND TOURISM

INTRODUCTION
The origin of tourism can be traced to the earliest period of human habitation on the globe. Of course, there exists difference between modern traveling duration the early period. Nevertheless it is the habit of traveling which was initiated the growth of the survivals and existence of the early man. With the advent of civilization and change in the human outlook, the meaning of tourism has been shifted from the necessity to the desire of taking marvelous adventures. Tourism is the difficult phenomenon to describe because there is no single definition that is universally accepted.